OZNAKI Project was an educational robotics project inspired initially by the MIT LOGO Project The project, which ran from 1975-84, used the very earliest micromputers Featured educational robotics, "turtles", chunky graphics, Educational aim was multiple embodiment of mathematical ideas.
For a web overview of OZNAKI go to Glimpses of the OZNAKI Project at La Trobe 1975 - 84

Publications Concerning OZNAKI, the La Trobe Talking Communicator, and Related Topics

Papers related to Oznaki are listed below by major heading. Also listed is the link to a PDF or Web version, or BibTex info, where it exists.
Note that as this was a pioneering project, the actual tools for developing microprocessor code had to developed. Especially notable in this regard is the paper,
          Harvey A. Cohen and Rhys S. Francis, Macro-Assemblers and Macro-Based Languages in Micro-processor Software Development,
first published in IEEE Computer in 1979, and then republished in an IEEE volume,
          P. Isaacson (Editor), Microprocessors and Microcomputers
along with papers describing the architecture of the Intel 8086 by the chips designers, and a paper describing the coming Motorola 68000 by its lead designers. The Intel 8086 was set to power the Wintel PC, and the Motorola 68000, was destined for use in Sun workstations, and in some Apple products. Also in this now historic reprint volume is a notable paper by Alan Kay et al, Personal Dynamic Media describing SmallTalk -- whose GUI was copied by Apple (in the Macintosh) and then by Microsoft in Windows. Kay's paper also explains the concept of the Dynabook -- essentially a prophesy of the thin laptops of the late 1990's.

OZNAKI   [9]

•  H.A.  Cohen,  {\it OZNAKI - microcomputer graphics for Australian Schools},  paper presented at ANZAAS,  Brisbane, May 1981.  (Scheduled for publication by Qld ACS).

•           H.A. Cohen,  Expanding the Child's Concept of Number, Space and Operation, in  M. Poole (Editor), From Creativity to Curriculum, Allen and Unwin, Sydney,  1980, pp 147-162. : BibTeX

 

•           H.A.  Cohen,  OZNAKI and BEYOND,  in D. Harris (Editor), Proceedings of  National Education Computing Conference, NECC '79  The University of Iowa, Iowa, June 1979, pp 170-178. Download as PDF  BibTeX
Download in 3 parts: Part A ; Part B ; Part C ;

 

•           H.A.  Cohen  and D.  G.  Green,  Evaluation of the Cognitive Goals of OZNAKI: Enhancement   of   Spatial  Projective  Abilities,    in A.M. Wildberger and R. G. Montanelli, (Editors),   "ACM   Topics   in Instructional  Computing"'  ACM Special Interest Group Computers in Education, SIGCUE, New York, 1978, pp 69-90.
The OZNAKI Project was notable for its use of psychometric tests to evaluate the teaching modules developed. This key paper describing the evaluation of the Projection Module is available online. Download in full (1376 kbytes);  Download in 3 parts: Part A; Part B; Part C;  : BibTeX

 

•           H.A.  Cohen, OZNAKI:   A  New Medium for  Mathematicians, in  D.  Williams (Editor),  Learning and Applying Mathematics , Published by the Australian Association of Mathematics Teachers, 1978, pp 274-83.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen,  The  OZNAKI  Life:   Introducing  the NAKI  Concept  for  TV Graphics,  Dr  Dobb's  Journal  of Computer Calisthenics  and  Orthodontia,

Published by People's Computer Company,  Menlo Park, California, Vol. 3, No. 4, (1978) pp 10-11.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen, Micro-Computers for Mini-Mathematicians, in L. Murray (Editor), Meaningful  Mathematics,  Published  by  the  Mathematics  Association  of Victoria, 1977, pp 391-7.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen and D.  G. Green, Teaching Mathematics with OZ-Graphics, Peoples Computers, 1977, vol 6 (3), pp 52-58.

 

•           H.A. Cohen, OZNAKI, in Set Two, published by Mathematics Association of Victoria, Melbourne, 1976, pp 36-39.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen, The  OZNAKI  Robotics  Language OZ,   Proceedings  of  the  7th Australian Computer Conference, Vol.  1, 1976, pp 128-143.

 

 

Speech Synthesis and Recognition [3]

The first speech chip -- the Votrax SC-01 -- a phoneme synthesiser -- was commercially released in 1981. These three papers discuss aspects of human and synthesised speech, and the application to products. The SC-01 was used in conjunction with text-to-speech code in the La Trobe Talking Communicator. Speech input was used in several OZNAKI systems.

• H.A. Cohen,  THE EXPERT LISTENER: Computer recognition of human speech in Proceedings of the First Australian Artificial Intelligence Congress, Melbourne November 1986, Section E, pp 1-9.

 

• H.A. Cohen,  Human Speech and Computer Speech, Conference Proceedings, Second Australian Applied Physics Conference, RMIT, December 1981, Vol 1, pp 217-20.

 

• H.A.  Cohen, Speech Output for Microprocessor Based Devices:  The Designer's Dilemma,,  IREECON  81 International Conference,  (Melbourne August  1981),  Proceedings, pp 228-231.

 

LOGO-84 [2]

LOGO-84 was Logo written for the early Australian home/school computer the MicroBee It was written as an extension of Lichen Wang's Tiny Basic. LOGO-84 was a complete LOGO, from the perspective of the author, who in 1974 had played a role in defining the elements of LOGO at M.I.T. It offered string processing, but not the List Processing (LISP derived in the M.I.T. version) capabilities of other LOGOs.

 

• H.A. Cohen, Introducing LOGO-84: An Australian LOGO, in J.Hughes (Editor),  Computers  and  Education:  Dreams and Reality (Proceedings of the  Second Australian Computer Education Conference,  Sydney, 1984), Computer Education Group of N.S.W., pp 73-77.

 

• H.A.  Cohen, LOGO-84:  An  Australian  LOGO,  in  A.D.  Salvas  (Editor), in Computing  and  Education - 1984 and Beyond,  (Proceedings  of  the  Sixth Annual  Conference of the C.E.G.V.),  Computer Education Group of Victoria, Melbourne, 1984 pp 314-317.

 

Communicator for the Severely Disabled [6]

The later stage of the OZNAKI Project was concerned with developing the La Trobe Talking Communicator, a system based on a single-board computer that provided speech and educational programs, including 1 and 5-key versions of OZNAKI WHAM, and 1-key maths programs, for very severely physically disabled children with no speech.

 

• H.A.  Cohen,   Interfacing  the Severely Handicapped to the Computer  and  the Computer to the Severely Handicapped:  Design Principles of the  La  Trobe Talking  Communicator, Conference Proceedings,  TAD   Computer  Interface Seminar, Technical Aid to the Disabled, 1982.

 

• H.A.  Cohen,   Computer  Communication,  Access,  and Programming by  Severely Handicapped  Children,   in  J.R.   O'Leary  and  J.R.  O'Reagan,  Editors, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on  Rehabilitation  Engineering, Rehabilitation  Engineering Society of North  America (RESNA),  Bethesda,  Maryland, 1982, pp 41-45.

 

• H.A.  Cohen, The  La  Trobe Talking Communicator for the  Severely  Disabled Speechless, in A.H. Sale and G. Hawthorne, Editors, Proceedings of  the  Ninth  Australian  Computer  Conference,  Hobart,  Australian  Computer Society, Hobart, Vol 1 pp 266-275 (1982) Download as PDF (1,159,000 bytes) View as HTML BibTeX

 

• H.A. Cohen and J. Monro, Computer Communication, Access and Programming by Severely  Handicapped  Non-Speech Children,  in  R. Welch,  Editor, Ninth Australian Computer Conference Schools Symposium 1982,  Australian  Computer Society, Hobart, pp 237-253 (1982) Download as PDF BibTeX

 

• H.A.  Cohen,   The  development  of  a TALKING COMMUNICATOR for  the  disabled Speechless,  Conference  Digest,  21st Conference on Physical  Science  and Engineering in Medicine and Biology, [organised by the Australian College of Physical  Scientists  in Medicine and other learned  societies],  School  of Medicine, University of Melbourne, August 1981, pp K7.

 

• H.A.  Cohen,  Communication  With  By and To Computers:   The  Potential  for Special Education, Conference Digest, Sixth National Conference, Australian Association of Special Education,  Mannix College, Monash University, August  1981, pp 7-8.  (Abstract only)

 

 

Microprocessor Software Development [5]
Note that as Oznaki was a pioneering project, the actual tools for developing microprocessor code had to developed. Especially notable in this regard is the paper,
          Harvey A. Cohen and Rhys S. Francis, Macro-Assemblers and Macro-Based Languages in Micro-processor Software Development,
first published in IEEE Computer in 1979, and then republished in an IEEE volume,
          P. Isaacson (Editor), Microprocessors and Microcomputers
along with papers describing the architecture of the Intel 8086 by the chips designers, and a paper describing the coming Motorola 68000 by its lead designers. The Intel 8086 was set to power the Wintel PC, and the Motorola 68000, was destined for use in Sun workstations, and in some Apple products. Also in this now historic reprint volume is a notable paper by Alan Kay et al, Personal Dynamic Media describing SmallTalk -- whose GUI was copied by Apple (in the Macintosh) and then by Microsoft in Windows. Kay's paper also and explains the concept of the Dynabook -- essentially a prophesy of the thin laptops of the late 1990's.

•           H.A.  Cohen and R.S. Francis, Macro-Assemblers and Macro-Based Languages in  Micro-processor Software Development, in P. Isaacson (Editor), Microprocessors and Microcomputers, IEEE Computer Society, New York, 1979,  2nd Revised Edition, pp 199-210. BibTeX

 

•           H.A.  Cohen and R.  S. Francis, Macro-Assemblers and Macro-Based Languages in Microprocessor Software Development, IEEE Computer, Vol 12, No 2, Feb 1979, pp 53-64. BibTeX

 

•           H.A. Cohen, Microprocessor Software Development Using Macroprocessors,  in Proceedings  of 8th Conference of the Australian Computer Society,  Canberra, August 1978, Vol.  1, pp 148-164.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen and R. S. Francis,  HELP for Microprocessor Software Development,  IEEE Compcon Fall Conference Digest, Washington, September 1977, pp 196-200.

 

•           H.A. Cohen and R. S. Francis, Programming Constructs for Microprocessors and  Bit-Slice Processors, Institute Radio and Electrical Engineers IREECON, Conference Digest, Melbourne August 1977, pp 119-121.

 

Problem Solving and Heuristics [3]

•           H.A. Cohen,  The Art of Snaring Dragons   M.I.T.   Artificial  Intelligence Laboratory Memo Number 338, May 1975. Download as PDF    BibTeX

 

•           H.A.  Cohen,  with  illustrations by Jeni Rawson, A Dragon Hunter's  Box, Hanging Lake Books, Melbourne, 1974. { A componendium of qualitative problems in dynamics }

 

•           H.A.  Cohen,  Mathematical Dragon Hunting on the La Trobe Campus, Australian Vice-Chancellor's  Committee (AVCC) Educational  Newsletter,  3/73,  January 1974.

 

Computer Science Education [2]

•           H.A.  Cohen,  Making  Algebra Concrete using a Microcomputer: An Algebraic Programming Language for the Control of Robots, in P. Williamson (Editor), Learn to Love Mathematics, Mathematics Association of Victoria, Melbourne, 1980, pp 336-350.

 

•           H.A.  Cohen, Modelling  Boolean Algebra with Tinkertoy or  Meccano:  How to Construct a NIM Playing Machine, in P.Williamson (Editor), Learn to Love Mathematics, Mathematics Association of Victoria, Melbourne, 1980, pp 253-265.

 

Microcomputer Graphics [2]

•           H.A.  Cohen, ESCHER:  A Block-Oriented Graphics Language for Microcomputers,  Proceedings  of the National Microcomputer Conference on Personal  Computing for the Eighties, ACS SIG, Canberra, 1980, pp 14.1-14.8

 

•           H.A.  Cohen, Graphics  on  the  Poly-88,  Dr  Dobb's  Journal  of  Computer Calisthenics  and Orthodontia,  Published by the People's Computer  Company, Menlo Park, California, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1977, pp 12-13.

 

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